Inspection and Test: 2026

Introduction
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping terdiri dari beberapa Section terpisah (merupakan American National Standard) dibawah arahan ASME B31. Rules/ aturan setiap Section mencerminkan instalasi pipa yang dipertimbangkan selama pengembangan, sebagai berikut: B31.1 (Power Piping=electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems); B31.3 (Process Piping=petroleum refineries; onshore and offshore petroleum and natural gas production facilities; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, ore processing, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; food and beverage processing facilities; and related processing plants and terminals); B31.4 (Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries=piping transporting products that are predominately liquid between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations); B31.5 (Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components=piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants); B31.8 (Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems=piping transporting products that are predominately gas between sources and terminals, including compressor, regulating, and metering stations; gas gathering pipelines); B31.9 (Building Services Piping=industrial, institutional, commercial, and public buildings, and in multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1); B31.12 (Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines= gaseous and liquid hydrogen service and pipelines in gaseous hydrogen service)

Section dari Code ini mencakup: referensi material spec dan component standard (termasuk persyaratan dimensional dan pressure–temperature ratings); persyaratan component design dan assembly (termasuk piping supports); persyaratan dan data untuk evaluasi dan limitasi stress, reaction, dan movement terkait dengan pressure, temperature changes, dan gaya lainnya; guidance and limitatasi dalam pemilihan dan penerapan materials, components, dan joining methods; persyaratan fabrication, assembly, dan piping erection; persyaratan untuk examination, inspection, dan testing pipa

Edisi baru diterbitkan setiap 2 tahun. Edisi dari Bagian Kode B31.3 tidak berlaku surut (retroactive). Secara umum, kesepakatan dibuat antara pihak-pihak yang berkontrak untuk menggunakan edisi tertentu (yaitu edisi yang diterbitkan setidaknya 6 bulan sebelum tanggal kontrak asli untuk kegiatan desain pertama)

Permintaan interpretasi dan revisi persyaratan Code diajukan secara tertulis terperinci dalam Appendix Z. Jawabannya dipublikasikan dan bisa didownload di http://go.asme.org/B31committee → B31 Code Cases. Code Cases akan tetap tersedia hingga dibatalkan oleh ASME B31 Standards Committee

CHAPTER I - SCOPE & DEFINITIONS
300 GENERAL STATEMENTS
(a) Identification: merupakan bagian dari ASME B31 Code untuk Pressure Piping (American National Standard) dan diterbitkan sebagai dokumen terpisah untuk kemudahan penggunanya

(b) Responsibilities: (1) OWNER (tanggung jawab keseluruhan untuk kepatuhan code, menetapkan persyaratan desain dan konstruksi seluruh instalasi penanganan fluida atau proses di mana pipa tsb menjadi bagiannya, menetapkan pipa dalam katagori layanan/ servis D, M, High Pressure, dan High Purity Fluid, serta untuk menentukan apakah sistem kualitas tertentu akan diterapkan [Lihat (d)(4) hingga (d)(7) dan Appendix Q [p525], mempertimbangkan (jika applicable) persyaratan otoritas berwenang terkait pemasangan pipa. Owner dapat menunjuk seorang wakil/ representative untuk melaksanakan tanggung jawab tertentu yang diwajibkan oleh Code ini dengan tetap memegang tanggung jawab akhir atas tindakan wakil tersebut); (2) DESIGNER (bertanggung jawab kepada Owner untuk memastikan bahwa desain teknik pipa sesuai dengan persyaratan Code ini dan dengan persyaratan tambahan yang ditetapkan oleh Owner); (3) MANUFACTURER, FABRICATOR, and ERECTOR (bertanggung jawab untuk menyediakan materials, components, dan workmanship/ pengerjaan yang sesuai dengan persyaratan Code ini dan desain teknik); (4) OWNER'S INSPECTOR (bertanggung jawab kepada Owner untuk memastikan inspection, examination, dan testing terpenuhi sesuai Code dan memverifikasi Quality System yang ditentukan oleh Owner diimplementasikan)

(c) Intent of the Code:

Tujuan Kode ini adalah untuk menetapkan enginering requirements untuk DESAIN dan KONSTRUKSI instalasi pipa yang AMAN
Kode ini TIDAK dimaksudkan untuk diterapkan pada PIPA YANG TELAH DIOPERASIKAN/ IN-SERVICE (operasi, pemeriksaan, inspeksi, pengujian, pemeliharaan, atau perbaikan). Lihat paragraf F300.1 untuk contoh standar yang mungkin berlaku dalam situasi ini.
Code ini umumnya menetapkan pendekatan yang disederhanakan untuk banyak persyaratannya. Designer dapat memilih untuk menggunakan analisis yang lebih ketat untuk mengembangkan persyaratan design, materials, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, and testing dengan menyediakan kepada Owner rincian dan perhitungan (didokumentasikan dalam engineering design/ desain teknis) yang menunjukkan bahwa persyaratan yang diusulkan sesuai dengan kriteria Code ini (termasuk para. 302), untuk diverifikasi keabsahan pendekatan tersebut dan dapat diterapkan setelah disetujui oleh Owner.
Piping elements harus sesuai dengan spesifikasi dan standar yang tercantum dalam Code ini atau, jika tidak dilarang oleh Code ini, harus memenuhi syarat untuk digunakan sebagaimana diatur dalam Bab-bab yang berlaku dalam Code ini.
Engineering design harus menentukan persyaratan khusus untuk service/ layanan tertentu dan jika memerlukan tindakan di luar yang diwajibkan oleh Code ini maka harus ditentukan oleh engineering design dan dilaksanakan.
Kompatibilitas material dengan service/ layanannya dan bahaya akibat ketidakstabilan fluida yang terkandung tidak termasuk dalam ruang lingkup Code ini (lihat para. F323)

(d) Determining Code Requirements:

Persyaratan Code untuk desain dan konstruksi meliputi persyaratan fluid service (mempengaruhi pemilihan dan penerapan materials, components, and joint) yang meliputi prohibitions, limitations, dan conditions (larangan, batasan, dan kondisi), seperti temperature limits atau persyaratan safeguarding/ perlindungan (lihat Appendix G).
Chapter I hingga VI (Code dasar) untuk metallic piping yang oleh Owner tidak ditujukan sebagai Kategori M, High Pressure, atau High Purity Fluid Service (para. 300.2 dan Appendix M) dan persyaratan fluid service terdapat dalam (a) Chapter III (materials); (b) Chapter II, Part 3 ( components); (c) Chapter II, Part 4 (joints)
Chapter VII untuk nonmetallic piping and piping lined (dilapisi) with nonmetals (paragraf dimulai dengan “A”)
Chapter VIII untuk Categori M fluid service (paragraf dimulai dengan “M”)
Chapter I hingga VII untuk restriction/ batasan piping element pada Catagory D fluid service dan elemen yang cocok untuk fluid service lainnya
Chapter IX (jika ditetapkan Owner) untuk High Pressure fluid service (paragraf dimulai dengan “K”)
Chapter X untuk High Purity fuid service (paragraf dimulai dengan “U”)
I hingga VI untuk Normal fluid service diterapkan dalam kondisi severe cyclic (siklik ekstrem) kecuali persyaratan alternatif untuk kondisi severe cyclic dinyatakan.
Chapter I hingga VI untuk Normal fluid service berlaku untuk Elevated Temperature Fluid Service kecuali persyaratan alternatif untuk Elevated Temperature Fluid Service diberlakukan.

(e) Appendices: Lampiran Kode ini berisi persyaratan Kode, panduan tambahan, atau informasi lain. Lihat paragraf 300.4 untuk deskripsi status masing-masing Appendix

(f) Code Cases: ASME menerbitkan Code Cases yang berlaku (1) untuk mengubah persyaratan Code; (2) berlaku sejak tanggal penerbitan hingga Cases dibatalkan; (3) hanya dapat digunakan jika disetujui oleh Owner. Jika disetujui, Code Cases harus ditentukan sebagai design requirements dan menjadi persyaratan Code ini.

300.1 Scope: penggunaan piping di petroleum refineries; onshore and offshore petroleum and natural gas production facilities; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, ore processing, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; food and beverage processing facilities; and related processing plants and terminals

300.1.1 Content and Coverage: Code ini (a) menetapkan persyaratan untuk materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping; (b) berlaku untuk pipa untuk semua fluida [(l) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air, and water; (4) fluidized solids; (S) refrigerants; (6) cryogenic fluids]; (c) Lihat Figure 300.1.1-1 untuk diagram yang menggambarkan penerapan pipa B31.3 pada equipment. Sambungan yang menghubungkan pipa dengan equipment termasuk dalam ruang lingkup B31.3

300.1.2 Packaged Equipment Piping: termasuk dalam ruang lingkup Code ini adalah pipa yang interconnects bagian-bagian atau stages/ tahap-tahap dalam packaged equipment

300.1.3 Exclusions: Code ini mengecualikan hal-hal berikut:
(a) rancangan piping system dengan internal gage pressure >= 105 kPa (15 psi), dengan syarat fluida yang ditangani nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues (para. 300.2), dan design temperature −29 hingga 186°C (−20 hingga 366°F); (b) power boilers sesuai dengan ASME BPVC, Bagian I, dan boiler external piping yang harus mematuhi ASME B31.1; (c) tubes, tube headers, crossovers, and manifolds of fired heater yang berada di dalam heater enclosure (ruang); (d) pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors dan equipment untuk fluid handling dan processing lainnya, termasuk pipa internal dan koneksi untuk pipa eksternal

300.1.4 Units of Measure: unit/ satuan yang digunakan adalah U.S. Customary (diletakkan dalam tanda kurung) dan SI . Nilai yang dinyatakan dalam masing-masing sistem unit satuan tidak merupakan kesetaraan yang tepat; oleh karena itu, masing-masing sistem unit harus digunakan secara terpisah dari yang lain. Jika konversi unit maka harus dilakukan dengan membulatkan nilai-nilai tersebut ke minimal 4 digit untuk digunakan dalam kalkulasi

300.1.5 Rounding: aturan hanya berlaku kecuali ditentukan lain dalam Code atau engineering design: (a) desimal atau nilai yang dikalkulasi dibulatkan “ke unit terdekat” pada digit signifikan terakhir di sebelah kanan (sesuai ASTM E29), jika yang dibulatkan adalah tepat 5 atau 5 yang hanya diikuti oleh nol, pilih yang berakhir dengan digit genap; (b) yang disnyatakan sebagai fractional inch (pecahan inchi) harus memenuhi persyaratan Code jika nilai yang diukur berada dalam inchi dari persyaratannya (lihat para. F300.1.5)

300.2 Definitions:

For welding, brazing, and soldering terms not shown here, definitions in accordance with AWS Standard A3.0 apply.

air-hardened steel: a steel that hardens during cooling in air from a temperature above its transformation range.
anneal heat treatment: see heat treatment.
arc cutting: a group of cutting processes wherein the severing or removing of metals is effected by melting with the heat of an arc between an electrode and the base metal. (Includes carbon-arc cutting, metal-arc cutting, gas metal-arc cutting, gas tungsten-arc cutting, plasma-arc cutting, and air carbon-arc cutting.) See also oxygen-arc cutting.
arc welding (AW): a group of welding processes that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.
assembly: the joining together of two or more piping components by bolting, welding, bonding, screwing, brazing, soldering, cementing, or use of packing devices as specified by the engineering design.
autogenous weld: a weld made by fusion of the base metal without the addition of filler metal [see also gas tungstenarc welding (GTAW)].
automatic welding: welding with equipment that performs the welding operation without adjustment of the controls by an operator. The equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work.
backing filler metal: see consumable insert.
backing ring: material in the form of a ring used to support molten weld metal.
balanced piping system: see para. 319.2.2(a).
base material: the material to be brazed, soldered, welded, or otherwise fused.
basic allowable stress: see stress terms frequently used.
bolt design stress: see stress terms frequently used.
bonded joint: a permanent joint in nonmetallic piping made by one of the following methods:

(a) adhesive joint: a joint made by applying an adhesive to the surfaces to be joined and pressing them together
(b) butt-and-wrapped joint: a joint made by butting together the joining surfaces and wrapping the joint with plies of reinforcing fabric saturated with resin
(c) heat fusion joint: a joint made by heating the surfaces to be joined and pressing them together to achieve fusion
(d) hot gas welded joint: a joint made by simultaneously heating the surfaces to be joined and a filler material with a stream of hot air or hot inert gas, then pressing the surfaces together and applying the filler material to achieve fusion
(e) solvent cemented joint: a joint made by using a solvent cement to soften the surfaces to be joined and pressing them together
(f) electrofusion joint: a joint made by heating the surfaces to be joined using an electrical resistance wire coil that remains embedded in the joint.

bonder: one who performs a manual or semiautomatic bonding operation.
bonding operator: one who operates machine or automatic bonding equipment.
bonding procedure: the detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a bonded joint.
bonding procedure specification (BPS): the document that lists the parameters to be used in the construction of bonded joints in accordance with the requirements of this Code.
borescopic examination: a visual examination aided by a mechanical or electromechanical device to examine the inside diameter of inaccessible welds.
branch connection fitting: an integrally reinforced fitting welded to a run pipe and connected to a branch pipe by a buttwelding, socket welding, threaded, or flanged joint; includes a branch outlet fitting conforming to MSS SP-97.
brazing: a metal joining process wherein coalescence is produced by use of a nonferrous filler metal having a elting point above 427°C (800°F), but lower than that of the base metals being joined. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction.
butt joint: a joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane.
Category D: see fluid service.
Category M: see fluid service.
caulked joint: a joint in which suitable material (or materials) is either poured or compressed by the use of tools into the annular space between a bell (or hub) and spigot (or plain end), thus comprising the joint seal.
chemical plant: an industrial plant for the manufacture or processing of chemicals, or of raw materials or intermediates for such chemicals. A chemical plant may include supporting and service facilities, such as storage, utility, and waste treatment units.
cold spring: see para. 319.2.4.
compression type tube fittings: tube fittings consisting of a flareless, mechanical grip connection, including a body, nut, and single or dual ferrules. See also para. U306.6.
connections for external piping: those integral parts of individual pieces of equipment that are designed for attachment of external piping.
construction: an all-inclusive term comprising fabrication, assembly, erection, inspection, examination, and testing.
consumable insert: preplaced filler metal that is completely fused into the root of the joint and becomes part of the weld.
damaging to human tissues: for the purposes of this Code, this phrase describes a fluid service in which exposure to the fluid, caused by leakage under expected operating conditions, can harm skin, eyes, or exposed mucous membranes so that irreversible damage may result unless prompt restorative measures are taken. (Restorative measures may include flushing with water, administration of antidotes, or medication.)
design minimum temperature: see para. 301.3.1.
design pressure: see para. 301.2.
design temperature: see para. 301.3.
designated lot: a defined group of welded, brazed, fused, or bonded piping joints from which a specified percentage is randomly selected for examination.
designer: the person or organization in responsible charge of the engineering design.
displacement stress range: see para. 319.2.3.
elements: see piping elements.
engineering design: the detailed design governing a piping system, developed from process and mechanical requirements, conforming to Code requirements, and including all necessary specifications, drawings, and supporting documents.
equipment connection: see connections for external piping.
erection: the complete installation of a piping system in the locations and on the supports designated by the engineering design including any field assembly, fabrication, examination, inspection, and testing of the system as required by this Code.
examination, examiner: see paras. 341.1 and 341.2.
examination, extent of:

(a) 100% examination: the complete examination of all components, welds, or joints.
(b) random examination: the complete examination of a specified percentage of joints selected randomly from a designated lot.
(c) spot examination: the examination of a limited length of a weld or joint.

extruded outlet header: see para. 304.3.4.
fabrication: the preparation of piping for assembly, including cutting, threading, grooving, forming, bending, and joining of components into subassemblies. Fabrication may be performed in the shop or in the field.
face of weld: the exposed surface of a weld on the side from which the welding was done.
face seal fitting: a High Purity Fluid Service fitting that incorporates two machined faces and a metallic gasket within an external/internal nut configuration to attain a high leak integrity seal. See also para. U315.3(b).
filler material: the material to be added in making metallic or nonmetallic joints.
fillet weld: a weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, tee joint, or corner joint. (See also size of weld and throat of a fillet weld.)
flammable: for the purposes of this Code, describes a fluid that under ambient or expected operating conditions is a vapor or produces vapors that can be ignited and continue to burn in air. The term thus may apply, depending on service conditions, to fluids defined for other purposes as flammable or combustible.
fluid service: a general term concerning the application of a piping system, considering the combination of fluid properties, operating conditions, and other factors that establish the basis for design of the piping system. See Appendix M.

(a) Category D Fluid Service: a fluid service in which all of the following apply:

(1) the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues as defined in para. 300.2
(2) the design gage pressure does not exceed 1035 kPa (150 psi)
(3) the design temperature is not greater than 186°C (366°F)
(4) the fluid temperature caused by anything other than atmospheric conditions is not less than −29°C (−20°F)

(b) Category M Fluid Service: a fluid service in which both of the following apply:

(1) the fluid is so highly toxic that a single exposure to a very small quantity of the fluid, caused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to persons on breathing or bodily contact, even when prompt restorative measures are taken
(2) after consideration of piping design, experience, service conditions, and location, the owner determines that the requirements for Normal Fluid Service do not sufficiently provide the leak tightness required to protect personnel from exposure

(c) Elevated Temperature Fluid Service: a fluid service in which the piping metal temperature is sustained equal to or greater than T as defined in Table 302.3.5-1, General Note (b).
(d) High Pressure Fluid Service: a fluid service for which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX for piping design and construction; see also para. K300.
(e) High Purity Fluid Service: a fluid service that requires alternative methods of fabrication, inspection, examination, and testing not covered elsewhere in the Code, with the intent to produce a controlled level of cleanness. The term thus applies to piping systems defined for other purposes as high purity, ultra high purity, hygienic, or aseptic.
(f) Normal Fluid Service: a fluid service pertaining to most piping covered by this Code, i.e., not subject to the rules for Category D, Category M, Elevated Temperature, High Pressure, or High Purity Fluid Service.

full fillet weld: a fillet weld whose size is equal to the thickness of the thinner member joined.
fusion: the melting together of filler material and base material, or of base material only, that results in coalescence.
gas metal-arc welding (GMAW): an arc-welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler metal (consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas, or gas mixture. Some variations of this process are called MIG or CO welding (nonpreferred terms).
gas tungsten-arc welding (GTAW): an arc-welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a single tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used. (This process has sometimes been called TIG welding.)
gas welding: a group of welding processes wherein coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames, with or without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of filler material.
groove weld: a weld made in the groove between two members to be joined.
heat-affected zone: that portion of the base material which has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties or microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding, brazing, soldering, forming, or cutting.
heat treatment: the following terms describe various types and processes of heat treatment (see also postweld hydrogen bakeout):

(a) annealing: heating to and holding at a suitable temperature above the transformation temperature range, followed by slow cooling to well below the transformation temperature range.
(b) normalizing: heating a ferrous metal to a temperature above the transformation temperature range, followed by cooling in room-temperature still air to well below the transformation temperature range.
(c) quenching: when used as a part of a heat-treating operation, a rapid cooling process that results in microstructural stabilization or changes in material properties that would not have occurred without rapid cooling.
(d) recommended or required heat treatment: the application of heat to a metal section subsequent to a cutting, forming, or welding operation, as provided in para. 331.
(e) solution heat treatment: heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution.
(f) stress-relief: uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature below the transformation temperature range to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling slowly enough to minimize development of new residual stresses.
(g) tempering: reheating a hardened metal to a temperature below the transformation range to improve toughness.
(h) transformation range: the temperature range over which a phase change occurs.
(i) transformation temperature: the temperature at which a phase change begins or ends. In metals, phase changes can be solid-state changes.

High Pressure Fluid Service: see fluid service.
High Purity Fluid Service: see fluid service.
hygienic clamp joint: a tube outside-diameter union consisting of two neutered ferrules having flat faces with a concentric groove and mating gasket that is secured with a clamp, providing a nonprotruding, recessless product contact surface. See also para. U315.3(b).
indication, linear: in nondestructive examination, an indication having a length greater than 3 times its width.
indication, rounded: in nondestructive examination, an indication with a length equal to or less than 3 times its width. These indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails.
inline portions of instruments: pressure-containing portions of instruments that are in direct contact with the fluid when installed in a piping system. Permanently sealed fluid-filled tubing systems furnished with instruments as temperature- or pressure-responsive devices, e.g., pressure gages, pressure transmitters, and transducers, are excluded.
in-process examination: see para. 344.7.
inspection, Inspector: see para. 340.
integrally reinforced branch connection fitting: see branch connection fitting.
joint design: the joint geometry together with the required dimensions of the welded joint.
listed: for the purposes of this Code, describes a material or component that conforms to a specification in Appendix A, Appendix B, or Appendix K or to a standard in Table 326.1.1-1, Table A326.1-1, or Table K326.1.1-1.
manual welding: a welding operation performed and controlled completely by hand.
may: a term used to denote permission, neither a requirement nor a recommendation.
mechanical joint: a joint for the purpose of mechanical strength or leak resistance, or both, in which the mechanical strength is developed by threaded, grooved, rolled, flared, or flanged pipe ends; or by bolts, pins, toggles, or rings; and the leak resistance is developed by threads and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends, caulking, or machined and mated surfaces.
miter or miter bend: for the purposes of this Code, two ormore straight sections of pipe matched and joined in a plane bisecting the angle of junction so as to produce a change in direction greater than 3 deg.
nominal: a numerical identification of dimension, capacity, rating, or other characteristic used as a designation, not as an exact measurement.
Normal Fluid Service: see fluid service.
normalizing: see heat treatment.
notch-sensitive: describes a metal subject to reduction in strength in the presence of stress concentration. The degree of notch sensitivity is usually expressed as the strength determined in a notched specimen divided by the strength determined in an unnotched specimen, and can be obtained from either static or dynamic tests.
NPS: nominal pipe size (followed, when appropriate, by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol).
orbital welding: automatic or machine welding in which the electrode rotates (orbits) around the circumference of a stationary pipe or tube.
owner: the person, partnership, organization, or business ultimately responsible for design, construction, operation, and maintenance of a facility.
oxygen-arc cutting (OAC): an oxygen-cutting process that uses an arc between the workpiece and a consumable electrode, through which oxygen is directed to the workpiece. For oxidation-resistant metals, a chemical flux or metal powder is used to facilitate the reaction.
oxygen cutting (OC): a group of thermal cutting processes that severs or removes metal by means of the chemical reaction between oxygen and the base metal at elevated temperature. The necessary temperature is maintained by the heat from an arc, an oxyfuel gas flame, or other source.
oxygen gouging: thermal gouging that uses an oxygen cutting process variation to form a bevel or groove.
packaged equipment: an assembly of individual pieces or stages of equipment, complete with interconnecting
piping and connections for external piping. The assembly may be mounted on a skid or other structure prior to delivery.
petroleum refinery: an industrial plant for processing or handling of petroleum and products derived directly from petroleum. Such a plant may be an individual gasoline recovery plant, a treating plant, a gas processing plant (including liquefaction), or an integrated refinery having various process units and attendant facilities.
pipe: a pressure-tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily designated “pipe” in applicable material specifications. Materials designated “tube” or “tubing” in the specifications are treated as pipe when intended for pressure service. Types of pipe, according to the method of manufacture, are defined as follows:

(a) combination welded (COW) pipe: electric-fusion welded pipe made using a combination of the gas metal-arc welding (GMAW) and submerged-arc welding (SAW) processes, wherein the GMAW bead is not completely removed by the SAW passes. Pipe is made with a straight seam (COWL) or a helical (spiral) seam (COWH).
(b) electric-fusion welded (EFW) pipe: pipe made with one or two straight butt joints or one helical (spiral) butt joint in which coalescence is produced in the preformed tube by manual or automatic electric-arc welding. The weld may be made by welding from one side or both sides of the joint and may be made with or without the addition of filler metal. Typical electric-fusion welding processes used for pipe include autogenous welding, combination welding (COW), and submergedarc welding (SAW).
(c) electric-resistance welded (ERW) pipe: pipe having one straight or helical (spiral) longitudinal seam, produced by low-frequency (LFW) or high-frequency (HFW) electric welding without filler metal. The process of forming a seam is performed by electric-resistance welding, wherein the edges to be welded are mechanically pressed together and the heat for welding is generated by the resistance to flow of electric current applied by induction (no electric contact) or conduction. Also called electric welded (EW) pipe.
(d) furnace-butt-welded pipe, continuous-welded (CW) pipe: furnace-welded pipe produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths. The longitudinal butt joint is forge-welded by the mechanical pressure developed in rolling the hotformed skelp through a set of round pass welding rolls.
(e) seamless (SMLS) pipe: pipe without a welded seam, produced by a hot-forming process, which can be followed by cold sizing or cold finishing to produce the desired shape, dimensions, and properties.
(f) submerged-arc welded (SAW) pipe: electric-fusionwelded pipe made using the submerged-arc welding process. At least one submerged-arc welding pass is made on the outside of the pipe. When SAW is also used to weld the inside of the pipe, such pipe is sometimes referred to as double submerged-arc welded (DSAW) pipe. Pipe is made with a straight seam (SAWL) or a helical (spiral) seam (SAWH).

pipe-supporting elements: pipe-supporting elements consist of fixtures and structural attachments as follows:

(a) fixtures: fixtures include elements that transfer the load from the pipe or structural attachment to the supporting structure or equipment. They include hanging type fixtures, such as hanger rods, spring hangers, sway braces, counterweights, turnbuckles, struts, chains, guides, and anchors; and bearing type fixtures, such as saddles, bases, rollers, brackets, and sliding supports.
(b) structural attachments: structural attachments include elements that are welded, bolted, or clamped to the pipe, such as clips, lugs, rings, clamps, clevises, straps, and skirts.

piping: assemblies of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, meter, control, or snub fluid flows. Piping also includes pipe-supporting elements, but does not include support structures, such as building frames, bents, foundations, or any equipment excluded from this Code (see para. 300.1.3).
piping components: mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into pressure-tight fluid-containing piping systems. Components include pipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves, and devices such as expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure hoses, traps, strainers, inline portions of instruments, and separators.
piping elements: any material or work required to plan and install a piping system. Elements of piping include design specifications, materials, components, supports, fabrication, examination, inspection, and testing.
piping installation: designed piping systems to which a selected Code edition and addenda apply.
piping subassembly: a portion of a piping system that consists of one or more piping components.
piping system: interconnected piping subject to the same set or sets of design conditions.
plasma arc cutting (PAC): an arc cutting process that uses a constricted arc and removes molten metal with a high velocity jet of ionized gas issuing from the constricting orifice.
postweld heat treatment: see heat treatment.
postweld hydrogen bakeout: holding a completed or partially completed weld at an elevated temperature below 425°C (800°F) to facilitate hydrogen diffusion from the weld.
preheating: the application of heat to the base material immediately before or during a forming, welding, or cutting process. See para. 330.
procedure qualification record (PQR): a document listing all pertinent data, including the essential variables employed and the test results, used in qualifying the procedure specification.
process unit: an area whose boundaries are designated by the engineering design within which reactions, separations, and other processes are carried out. Examples of installations that are not classified as process units are loading areas or terminals, bulk plants, compounding plants, and tank farms and storage yards.
quench annealing: see solution heat treatment under heat treatment.
quenching: see heat treatment.
readily accessible (for visual examination): those surfaces that can be examined from a distance of not more than 600 mm (24 in.) and at an angle of not less than 30 deg to the surface to be examined.
reinforcement: see paras. 304.3, A304.3, and K304.3. See also weld reinforcement.
representative: a person, partnership, organization, or business designated by the owner to carry out selected responsibilities on the owner’s behalf.
room temperature: temperature between 10°C and 38°C (50°F and 100°F).
root opening: the separation between the members to be joined, at the root of the joint.
safeguarding: provision of protective measures of the types outlined in Appendix G, where deemed necessary. See Appendix G for detailed discussion.
seal bond: a bond intended primarily to provide joint tightness against leakage in nonmetallic piping.
seal weld: a weld intended primarily to provide joint tightness against leakage in metallic piping.
semiautomatic arc welding: arc welding with equipment that controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is manually controlled.
set pressure: pressure at which a pressure relief device begins to relieve, e.g., lift pressure of a spring-actuated relief valve, bursting pressure of a rupture disk, or breaking pressure of a breaking pin device.
severe cyclic conditions: conditions applying to specific piping components or joints for which the owner or the designer determines that design and construction to better resist fatigue loading is warranted. See Appendix F, para. F301.10.3 for guidance on designating piping as being under severe cyclic conditions.
shall: a term used to denote a requirement.
shielded metal-arc welding (SMAW): an arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a covered metal electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode.
should: a term used to denote a recommendation.
size of weld:

(a) fillet weld: the leg lengths (the leg length for equalleg welds) of the sides, adjoining the members welded, of the largest triangle that can be inscribed within the weld cross section. For welds between perpendicular members, the definitions in Figure 328.5.2-1 apply. NOTE: When the angle between members exceeds 105 deg, size is of less significance than effective throat (see also throat of a fillet weld).
(b) groove weld: the joint penetration (depth of bevel plus the root penetration when specified). The size of a groove weld and its effective throat are the same. slag inclusion: nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld metal and base metal.

soldering: a metal joining process wherein coalescence is produced by heating to suitable temperatures and by using a nonferrous alloy fusible at temperatures below 427°C (800°F) and having a melting point below that of the base metals being joined. The filler metal is distributed between closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction. In general, solders are lead-tin alloys and may contain antimony, bismuth, and other elements.
solution heat treatment: see heat treatment.
stress ratio: see para. 323.2.2(b).
stress relief: see heat treatment.
stress terms frequently used:

(a) basic allowable stress: this term, symbol S, represents the stress value for any material determined by the appropriate stress basis in para. 302.3.2
(b) bolt design stress: this term represents the design stress used to determine the required cross-sectional area of bolts in a bolted joint
(c) hydrostatic design basis: selected properties of plastic piping materials to be used in accordance with ASTM D2837 or D2992 to determine the HDS [see (d) below] for the material
(d) hydrostatic design stress (HDS): the maximum continuous stress due to internal pressure to be used in the design of plastic piping, determined from the hydrostatic design basis by use of a service (design) factor

submerged arc welding (SAW): an arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the work. The arc is shielded by a blanket of granular, fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and sometimes from a supplemental source (welding rod, flux, or metal granules).
tack weld: a weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final welds are made.
tempering: see heat treatment.
thermoplastic: a plastic that is capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and hardened by decrease of temperature.
thermosetting resin: a resin capable of being changed into a substantially infusible or insoluble product when cured at room temperature, or by application of heat, or by chemical means.
throat of a fillet weld:

(a) theoretical throat: the perpendicular distance from the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed in the weld cross section to the root of the joint
(b) actual throat: the shortest distance from the root of a fillet weld to its face
(c) effective throat: the minimum distance, minus any reinforcement (convexity), between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld

toe of weld: the junction between the face of a weld and the base material.
tube: see pipe.
tungsten electrode: a nonfiller-metal electrode used in arc welding or cutting, made principally of tungsten.
unbalanced piping system: see para. 319.2.2(b).
undercut: a groove melted into the base material adjacent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld material.
visual examination: see para. 344.2.1.
weld: a localized coalescence of material wherein coalescence is produced either by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler material.
weld coupon: a sample weld used to determine weld acceptance. Types of weld coupons are defined as follows:

(a) primary weld coupon: made prior to the start of production welding to establish a benchmark of weld acceptance
(b) production weld coupon: made when any of the conditions in para. U341.4.5 exist and used to compare against a corresponding primary weld coupon to demonstrate continued acceptability of welds during production welding

weld coupon examination: see para. U344.8.1.
weld reinforcement: weld material in excess of the specified weld size.
welder: one who performs a manual or semi-automatic welding operation. (This term is sometimes erroneously used to denote a welding machine.)
welding operator: one who operates machine or automatic welding equipment.
welding procedure: the detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a weldment.
welding procedure specification (WPS): the document that lists the parameters to be used in construction of weldments in accordance with requirements of this Code.
weldment: an assembly whose component parts are joined by welding.

300.3 Nomenclature: Dimensional and mathematical symbols tercantum dalam Appendix J, beserta definisi dan referensi lokasi untuk masing-masing

300.4 Status of Appendices: Table 300.4-1 menunjukkan untuk setiap Appendix/ Lampiran yang berisi Code requirements, guidance, or supplemental information

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